Table of contents for 7 July 2017 in Farmer's Weekly

This week, the 11th Agribusiness Africa Conference, which this year is hosted by Farmer’s Weekly for the first time, is being held at Emperors Palace in Johannesburg. Some of the main constraints to agricultural development and investment by agribusinesses on the continent will be examined at the conference. Reviewing some of the literature on the topic left me with me with an overwhelming impression of the magnitude of the task ahead. Following up on last week’s look at the extraordinary rate of development necessary to cater for the rapid population increase in African countries, I would like to highlight some of the fundamental priorities African governments should include in their policies for primary agricultural development. • Tenure security.Land tenure remains a major challenge across Africa. According to the African…

CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS & EXPOS 4 TO 5 JULY Agribusiness Africa Conference, Emperors Palace, Johannesburg. Phone Marianna du Plessis on 082 337 6127, or email africa@caxton.co.za. 1 TO 4 AUGUST ExtruAfrica 2017, 6th International Training Seminar, Conference and Exhibition, Potchefstroom. Visit extruafrica.org.za. 15 AUGUST Agbiz Grain Mini-Symposium, CSIR, Pretoria. For more information, email mariana.purnell@agbizgrain.co.za. 16 TO 17 AUGUST PMA Fresh Connections Southern Africa Conference and Trade Show, CTICC, Cape Town. Visit pma.com/events/ fresh-connections-southern-africa. 23 AUGUST Fertilizer Association of Southern Africa (FERTASA) Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Symposium, CSIR, Pretoria. Email Candice van der Walt at candice@fertasa.co.za. 31 AUGUST TO 1 SEPTEMBER Skills Development Summit, CSIR, Pretoria. Visit skillssummit.co.za. COURSES & TRAINING 3 TO 5 JULY Cattle: Artificial Insemination, Krugersdorp. Phone Lily Isidoro on 078 546 7985, or visit rltsafrica.com. 3 TO…

Wandile Sihlobo is head of economic and agribusiness intelligence at the Agricultural Business Chamber (Agbiz). Email him at wandile@agbiz.co.za. The International Trade Administration Commission (ITAC) has finally released the results of the review of the dollar-based reference price and variable tariff formula for wheat. There were no major changes, except adjustments to two variables in the formula, namely reference price and exchange rate adjustments. The reference price decreased from US$294/t [about R3 800/t] to US$279/t [R3?600/t]. This was calculated by taking the average price of US Hard Red Wheat No. 2 (as at 9 August 2016) for the past five years, adding adjustments for distortion factors (subsidies) in the global wheat market, and then subtracting the average freight costs to South African ports. CONCERNS RAISED One of the concerns raised…

A second case of avian influenza was confirmed on a farm in Standerton in Mpumalanga, according to the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). This comes after Astral Foods Limited (Astral Foods) culled more than 24 000 birds when the highly pathogenic avian influenza strain was confirmed on one of its breeding layer sites near Villiers, Mpumalanga. According to DAFF spokesperson, Bomikazi Molapo, the two farms were not linked in any way. Gary Arnold, managing director of agriculture at Astral Foods, said the company had already stepped up its stringent biosecurity measures following the outbreak in Zimbabwe earlier this year. However, as the virus was transmitted by wild migratory birds, these measures had not been effective. Arnold said Astral Foods had realised there was a problem after a rise…

Farmers and pet owners need to plan ahead for disasters or emergencies, according to animal safety professionals in the US. Farmers should make preparations for larger animals, said Andy Vestal, emergency management specialist at Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. For example, he recommended moving cattle to higher ground if floods were expected. “Cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and any other large animals need to be identified and moved out of flood-prone areas,” he said. “You should try and evacuate or move them if possible, so determine what your primary and secondary evacuation routes might be. Then when the time comes, secure the vehicles and trailers needed for transporting the animals.” Farmers also needed to ensure that the relocation destination had food and water, and that animals had access to veterinary…

Pulpy kidney was the largest cause of sheep mortalities over the past year, resulting in 37% of all sheep mortalities. However, mortalities as a result of this disease were down from 40% in 2015, according to SA Mohair Growers’ Association (SAMGA) veterinarian, Dr Mackie Hobson. Hobson was addressing members at the association’s annual congress recently held in Graaff-Reinet. Meanwhile, mortalities caused by roundworms was at 15%, while coccidiosis accounted for 8,5% of mortalities. These had declined 40% and 11% respectively since 2015. According to Hobson, the decline in roundworm mortalities was largely a result of the dry conditions experienced during 2016. However, Rift Valley fever (RVF) still remained problematic. “There is still doubt about the effectiveness of the RVF vaccine which was developed after the 2010/2011 outbreak,” he said. “I…

The projected bumper maize and soya bean crops would positively affect the consumer food basket and the animal feed industry. Speaking on grain industry projections at the AVI Africa poultry conference recently held at Emperors Palace in Johannesburg, Michelle Mokona, agricultural economist at Grain SA, said that during the drought, maize prices had been high, but low maize production had increased farm debts. FARMERS HAD FOCUSED SOLELY ON SURVIVING THE DROUGHT “The agricultural industry has forward and backward linkages that impact the entire economy. More than just agriculture was affected by the drought,” she said. However, she added that the expected bumper crop of 12,?8?million tons of maize, a 102,5% increase on last season’s harvest, and an expected 1,2?million tons of soya bean, was a game changer. “Lower maize and…

Producers in the winter rainfall regions could face severe water shortages for irrigation and dryland production over the next couple of months, but those in summer rainfall regions were likely to receive adequate rainfall for an extended period. Johan van den Berg, manager of specialised crop insurance at Santam Agriculture, told Farmer’s Weekly that Western Cape residents would have to become used to reduced rainfall, as it had become accustomed to the above average rainfall received between 2007 and 2014. According to Van den Berg, more than a season of above average rainfall would be necessary for dams in the Western Cape to recover sufficiently. Current forecasts indicated that average rainfall was expected for the upcoming season, which would not be enough to make a major difference to dam levels,…

Peter Hughes is a business and management consultant with 30 years’ farming experience. Email him at farmersweekly@caxton.co.za. Subject line: Managing for Profit. In the hands of unscrupulous people, statistics can be made to ‘prove’ almost anything. In, How to Lie with Statistics, Darrell Huff suggests developing the habit of prodding ‘facts’ with five simple questions before accepting them: • Who says so? Is it a credible authority? If so, do they stand behind the information, not merely alongside it? • How do they know? What is the source of the information behind the fact? Is it trustworthy? • What’s missing? Is there a comparison? If not, why? Raw figures are always better than percentages, which can be made to demonstrate almost anything. • Do they compare…

Dawie Maree is head of information and marketing for agriculture at FNB Business. For more information, email fnbagricomms@fnb.co.za, or visit fnbagricomms.co.za. The global drive to reduce poverty, as well as the need to ensure food security, have created rapid transformation in the African agricultural sector. With a rich variety of natural resources, approximately 60% of the world’s uncultivated arable agricultural land, and a high potential human capital base, Africa is recognised as the continent that has the potential to ‘feed the world’. However, to ensure the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, Africa must attract substantial long-term foreign direct investment. Currently, the continent offers a rate of return far more appealing than that which can be achieved in developed countries. The financial services sector is the launch pad for investment…

Cyril Ramaphosa says that a report on a project run by a US organisation in Uganda inspired him to assist local emerging producers. As part of the project, Ugandan subsistence cattle farmers were given a European-bred bull to improve genetics in their herds. Once heifers have been produced from these bulls, the bulls are handed to the next farmer. Ramaphosa aims to implement a similar system and employ an extension officer to assist these farmers. The feedlot on Ntaba Nyoni is already being used as a vehicle for empowerment. “We want to encourage traditional black farmers not to hang onto cattle for too long, and not see it as a ‘store’ of value and wealth,” he says. “We encourage them to market some of their cattle. The feedlot has been…

Output terms relate to the value of production or yield (such as fodder) of a specific farming enterprise sold or used on the farm. In some cases, this may include sundry farm income. CASH CROPS The gross value of production (GVP) of a cash crop enterprise is the total value of the production from that enterprise. It is calculated as follows: Gross sales (including all advance, intermediate and supplementary payments) + Insurance received as a result of crop losses + Produce consumed by household (and donations) + Produce consumed by labour + Seed and feed used on the farm (internal transfers) + Stock adjustments (closing stocks minus opening stock). LIVESTOCK GVP here is the total production value of livestock products plus trading income plus the livestock inventory change. It is…

Several implements that caught the eye of Farmer’s Weekly at Nampo were designed and made in South Africa, ready to compete with imported machines in a busy market. Two are shown here. 1 Liquid fertiliser applicator Liquid fertiliser application is popular in Australia and the US, and likely to become more common here now that an efficient, locally manufactured implement is available. Manufactured in Pretoria, the AgriCAD is available in a range of models, from six to 24 rows, with 508mm wavy edge disc coulters at 762mm or 914mm spacing. Two 3 500? tanks provide a total capacity of 7 000?. Realtime Kinematic (RTK) satellite navigation is an option. The 16-row applicator is shown here. 2 Local sprayer Wikus du Toit of Agri-Phyto is justifiably proud of the trailed sprayer…

This year, the first six events of the Transvaal Racing Pigeon Federation (TRPF) comprised three races for yearlings only and three open races for birds of any age group. In contrast to Europe, where the average age of racing pigeons used in competition ranges from three to five years, or even older, yearlings make up the bulk of most race teams in South Africa. • Winburg one (Yearlings); 260km, 3 June Six cocks and 14 hens were timed in the first 20 positions. The top 10 positions were all achieved by fanciers in eastern Gauteng, while seven fanciers in western Gauteng were in the top 20. The top three winners were: – 1st: Blue hen ZA 16 TRPF 10258 (Spike Aucamp), 1 380,9m/min; – 2nd: Check cock ZA 16…

Brinjals have a latent, bitter taste. Deal with this by dicing them into 12mm cubes. Arrange these on a work surface and salt them generously. Allow to stand for 10 minutes, then rinse them thoroughly in fresh, cold water. Drain, pat dry with a paper towel, and reserve. Toast the coriander seeds in a dry frying pan over medium heat for a few minutes, allowing them to darken a little. Remove the seeds from the heat and reduce them to powder using a spice grinder or pestle and mortar. Peel and thinly slice the onion. Depending on your enthusiasm for chilli, partially or completely de-pip the chillies and chop them finely. Sweat them and the sliced onion in a tablespoon of oil in a frying pan over medium heat until…

Israeli company, AclarTech, is in the process of developing the AclaroMeter, a scanner and mobile app that allows you to monitor, in real time, the ripeness, quality and freshness of fruit, and so prevent wastage. Normally, produce is picked based on knowledge and instinct. According to aclartech.com, this leads to an annual loss of approximately 50% of all fruit and vegetables grown worldwide. Soon, claims the company, measuring fruit quality will be “as simple as taking a photo!” After plugging a portable SCiO molecular scanner into a smartphone, a farmer can use the built-in camera to scan the fruit. The fruit’s Brix (sugar content), acidity, firmness, dry weight and colour are among the large set of data captured. The grower can also add his or her personal opinion about the…

The views expressed in our weekly opinion piece do not necessarily reflect those of Farmer’s Weekly. Johan van den Berg is manager of specialised crop insurance at Santam and is based in Bloemfontein. For more information, email him at johan.vandenberg@santam.co.za. Climate change is a permanent departure from the average or mean, whether it is warmer, cooler, wetter or drier. It can also be defined as changes that occur due to human activities, such as increased levels of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. Climate variability, on the other hand, is variation around the mean or average. This can occur in regular cycles over the years, or it can occur more randomly without any specific patterns. It is also possible that climate change can affect climate variability by increasing the frequency…

Dr Jan Venter is a political analyst at Aginfo. Email him at aginfo@amtrends.co.za. I am interrupting this series on radical economic transformation to focus on the goings-on in the DA. In an article on the website, Black Opinion, it was stated that “Julius Malema has unwittingly revealed a secret plan to give political power back to whites in 2019”. The writer explained that ‘the plan’ was drafted in London and was funded by Johann Rupert and the Oppenheimers. ‘The plan’ entails collusion between ‘the racist party’, the Democratic Alliance (DA), and Malema’s Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). “The revelation of the ‘2019 project’ came out of an unguarded comment by Malema during the EFF press conference on [15 June],” the article said. Listening to Malema’s speech, I had a different interpretation.…

Dry conditions in the Western Cape have resulted in the first half of the guava harvest being 25% lower than anticipated. However, the outlook for the rest of the season was more promising thanks to the recent rain in the region. “The industry expected the total harvest to also be down 25%, but is now expecting only a 10% to 15% decline, from last year’s 25?700t to about 24 000t, depending on climatic conditions for the rest of the season,” Wiehahn Victor, CEO of the Canning Fruit Producers’ Industry, said at the recent annual general meeting of the Guava Producers’ Association in Wellington. Poena Malherbe, chairperson of the Guava Producers’ Association, said that producers in the ‘early’ production region of Porterville were the worst off, since most of them had…

The uncertainty about special work permits for Zimbabwean farmworkers in SA needed to be cleared up as a matter of urgency, according to Agri Limpopo CEO, Willem van Jaarsveld. It was an issue of national concern, as Zimbabwe farmworkers were employed in all nine provinces, Van Jaarsveld said. The Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permits (ZSDPs) issued by the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) would expire at the end of the year, and the department had yet to indicate if the permit system would continue. According to Van Jaarsveld, not continuing with the ZSDP system would have a devastating effect on Zimbabweans working in SA, as they would be forced to leave their jobs and generate an income elsewhere. In most cases, the extended families L of these workers still lived in Zimbabwe,…

The importance of trade has to be recognised, as saving the poultry industry is not as simple as imposing higher tariffs or more trade measures, according to Garth Strachan, deputy director-general of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). Speaking at the AVI Africa poultry conference recently held in Johannesburg, he said that South Africa had to meet its obligations to the World Trade Organization (WTO). “Trade is complex and it is about giving and taking. We have to abide by the WTO rules, and if we apply tariffs or break rules, we will face countervailing activity by trade partners in the poultry and other sectors. We live in a global village and trade is essential for the health of the economy.” He said that the DTI had supported tariff…

The economic sustainability of South Africa’s forestry industry would be jeopardised by government’s proposed ‘wealth taxes’, a Forestry SA (FSA) submission has claimed. The FSA submission also queried which specific personal assets would be affected by the proposed taxes. The taxes were: a land tax; a national tax on the value of property; and an annual wealth tax. The Davis Tax Committee (DTC), established in 2013, was evaluating the feasibility of the taxes, proposed by former finance minister, Pravin Gordhan. When tabling his 2013/2014 national budget, Gordhan said that the DTC would initiate a tax review “to assess our tax policy framework and its role in supporting the objectives of inclusive growth, employment, development, and fiscal sustainability” in 2017. South Africans were invited to submit comments and queries on the…

Nicholas James is an ichthyologist and hatchery owner. Email him at farmersweekly@caxton.co.za. Subject line: Aquaculture. This is the time of year when warmwater fish farmers peer anxiously at their water thermometers to see whether their fish are likely to survive. Trout farmers, on the other hand, welcome the lower temperatures, for this is when their fish thrive and breed. IN THE WILD VS IN THE LAB Tilapia species and races have widely differing tolerances to low temperatures, a fact often not appreciated by state conservation officials. When considering policy, they tend to regard all species in a genus such as Oreochromis (our blue kurper and Nile tilapia) as if they had similar tolerances. This is far from true; indeed, there are wide tolerance ranges even within a single species, such…

South Africa is connected to the Internet via five submarine cable networks that make landfall on the east and west coasts of Africa: WACS, Seacom, SAT-3, SAFE, and EASSy. They are owned by different consortiums and provide the country with access to multiple terabytes of bandwidth. From 1993 to 2002, South Africa was served only by the SAT- 2 submarine cable that connected the country with Europe down the west coast of Africa; it was decommissioned in 2013. SAT-3, launched in 2002, connects South Africa with Europe down the west coast, while SAFE provides redundancy on the east coast by connecting the country to Malaysia. Seacom was launched in 2009 and connects South Africa to London via the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Seacom provided the only competition to…

The past two seasons will go down as the most challenging that many pome fruit producers have ever experienced in the Ceres Valley. They had to cope with depleted dams, less than half their annual rainfall, and devastating heatwaves. Despite this, Retief du Toit, who farms on Bokveldskoof in the Koue Bokkeveld and Lorraine in the Warm Bokkeveld, managed to produce his biggest harvests ever. The long-term production average for each of his farms is around 6 800t/?year, but he produced 7 693t of apples in 2016, and 7 730t during the past season. Retief, who is a member of the ZZ2 group, acknowledges that he was fortunate enough to have access to as much water as he uses during a normal year, but said it was far more difficult…

Phlegmosis is an oldfashioned word meaning inflammation of the subcutaneous tissues. In racehorses, ‘phleg-leg’ is a sudden, severe swelling of one or both hind legs from the stifle or hock down to the hoof. The skin becomes stretched and slightly shiny, and feels hot to the touch. The horse also has a fever with a rectal temperature above 40°C and is unable to put weight on the affected leg. If the condition is left untreated, serum will seep through the skin. The problem is very seldom seen in front limbs. The modern term for phlegmosis is ‘lymphangitis’, a more apt name, as the condition arises from inflammation of the lymphatic system. Although most people understand the principle of the circulatory or ‘cardiovascular’ system, where the heart pumps blood through the…

As you may recall, neighbour Jan is currently without a foreman. Is he concerned? Not a bit. He’s dragooned me into replacing him! Sipping his morning coffee on my stoep, he intoned, in his best preaching voice: “Here begins the first lesson in farming, Townie. “Your working day starts at 6am with supervising the milking of the cow – no more lying in bed until 8am! After that, you can have breakfast. Then you must feed the pigs on ground mealies and lucerne, and make sure their water troughs are full. “When you’re done, go down to the lands with the workers to position and connect the sprinklers to irrigate the pastures where the steers are grazing. If no water comes out of the sprinklers, it means you’ve forgotten to…

Lizande Kellerman’s letter, ‘Nile tilapia citizen science survey’ (FW, 9 June), refers. To assist in the identification of tilapia, I would like to describe some of the species that may be encountered. Many landowners have tilapia in rivers and dams on their properties, especially in the warmer areas of Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. In short, if the water never cools to below 10C° during winter, there may be tilapia present. THE GENUS TILAPIA The two species of this genus found in South Africa are Tilapia rendalli, the redbreast tilapia, and T. sparrmanii, the vlei kurper. Both show the diagnostic ‘tilapia spot’ on the posterior part of the dorsal fin. This is a black blotch on the soft part of the fin and is present even in juvenile fish. Vlei kurper…

Producers across the Western Cape have struggled with the quality of the Fuji apple variety, as well as varieties used for the Pink Lady brand, this past season. According to Peter Dall, a production consultant and former chairperson of the International Pink Lady Association, autumn night temperatures had been too high for good colour formation. Most of the other red varieties, such as Royal Gala, had not been adversely affected, however, as they had received sufficient cold units during production. Poor colouration would have a negative impact on producer income, as it was one of the most important selection criteria for the Pink Lady brand. Dall estimated that the proportion of the Rosy Glow variety being sold under the Pink Lady brand would decline from about 65% to 50%, and…

If the agricultural sector collapses, South Africa will collapse, Agri SA executive director, Omri van Zyl, told the annual congress of the SA Mohair Growers’ Association (SAMGA) recently held in Graaff-Reinet. “We must protect our industry [and] focus on what we can control,” he said. This included protecting the farmer, and influencing “those matters that we can improve on. It’s vital that we all stand together and work together”. If farmers’ properties were tampered with, the economy would suffer, Van Zyl told delegates. ‘DEVELOPMENT MUST BE MATCHED BY APPROPRIATE INFRASTRUCTURE’ The survival of farming in South Africa was all the more crucial when it was considered that by 2050, the human population was estimated to reach 9,7 billion, he said. Of this, 62% [about 6,1 billion] would live in Africa…

A call has been issued by concerned citizens of the Western Cape’s Knysna and Plettenberg Bay areas for help to rebuild both domesticated and feral Cape honeybee populations. Recent wildfires had devastated thousands of hectares of vegetation, leaving bees with very little natural forage. Owen Williams, one of the founders of the Honeychild conservation beekeeping organisation in Knysna, said that winds of 75km/h had fanned smoke and flames so rapidly that more than 350 beehives had been destroyed in two days, as the bees had been unable to out-fly the danger. “Hives that did survive were moved to apiaries unaffected by the fires, but this has placed strain on natural food resources there. The feral bee populations also do not have much left to feed on,” Williams said. He added…

Brazil is the world’s largest producer of ethanol from sugar cane, yet its cane fields continually suffer damage from pests and diseases. Now a Bt gene inserted into a sugar cane variety through modern biotechnology techniques may at last enable the country to fend off attacks by its number one pest: the sugar cane borer. A LOSS OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS Brazil’s sugar cane crush between 2014 and 2015 totalled 594,8 million tons. Damage from the sugar cane borer (Diatraea saccharalis) in the country causes losses of US$5 billion (R65 billion) per year, due to lower crop yield and quality. For years, Brazil’s scientists have conducted research to find ways of preventing these losses. One solution was recently found in a Bt gene successfully used in other agronomic crops. The…

Anneline Scriven, a legal advisor at the LWO Employers’ Organisation, is an admitted attorney of the High Court. For all labour-related issues, phone the LWO Employers’ Organisation at 0861 101 828. Email the LWO at farmersweekly@caxton.co.za. Subject line: Labour Matters. The Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA), which regulates general employment conditions, stipulates that employers must record the working hours of all employees. Sectoral Determination 13 regulates labour relations in the agricultural sector and places certain legal obligations on the farmer as the employer. Farmworkers include staff members who are employed mainly for farming activities, and domestic workers performing housework duties on a farm. WORKING HOURS In terms of Sectoral Determination?13, ‘working hours’ refer to ordinary working hours, overtime, Sunday work, night work, emergency work and hours worked on a…

Farmer’s Weekly asks: What are some of the most common mistakes investors make when doing business in agriculture on the African continent? Lindie Stroebel, general manager, PMA Southern Africa: “The most common mistake is to think that Africa is one generic place, or even that the rest of Africa is similar to South Africa. The diversity of countries in Africa is reflected in their business cultures, operational activities and, especially, management styles. Investing in different countries in Africa will require a different approach for each, and yield diverse results. Don’t think Africa will adapt to you; you will have to adapt to Africa to be able to do business.” Dr John Purchase, CEO Agbiz: “The business culture varies considerably from country to country, and the African market should not be…

I frequently write about the long-term value of a sound trust relationship between producer and market agent. It is, as I often say, the ‘oil that drives the fresh produce engine’. Many farmers fail to realise this and seem to care little about breaking this trust at the drop of a hat. We frequently hear about cases where a producer has chosen to supply a buyer directly instead of via the market. No doubt those farmers will say they received a better deal. But I don’t believe they did; in fact, if they studied their transaction costs carefully, they might be in for a shock. There is ample evidence to support the contention that in the long run it is cheaper to sell through a market. In a previous issue,…

As described recently in this column (FW, 23 June), General Motors (GM) is ceasing operations in South Africa. The reason given by Stefan Jacoby, GM executive vice-president, was: ”We determined that continued or increased investment in manufacturing in South Africa would not provide GM with the expected returns of other global investment opportunities.” GM will cease to manufacture and supply Chevrolet vehicles to the domestic market by the end of 2017, but continue to provide service and parts support to Chevrolet customers. At the beginning of March, GM announced that they had sold their European operations, which comprise Opel and Vauxhall, to the French PSA group, which owns Peugeot and Citroën, for €2,2?billion [about R31,78 billion]. A principal reason for the sale was that GM’s European unit has not turned…

Mark Heywood became a national treasure for his leadership role as one of the team that put South Africa’s Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) and HIV/ AIDS activism on the global map. In one of the most readable recent memoirs, GET UP! STAND UP! (Tafelberg, R260), he shares the story of his Anglo-African roots, and the losses and joys that have studded his own life, as well as the influences that propelled him into ongoing activism. 1. Music: My musical taste is eclectic and feeds my soul. I’ll never drop the greats, from Bob Marley to the Sex Pistols! 2. Punk: When it burst into my world, Punk was genuinely threatening and exciting, refused to accept boundaries, and shocked us out of our complacency. 3. Imagination: Punk made me realise, for…