Table of contents for 14 September 2018 in Farmer's Weekly

Sometimes I think that if we could only somehow bottle the eternal optimism of the average South African, the profit we’d make would be enough to solve the country’s economic troubles. During the first week of September, when Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) announced that the economy had slumped into a technical recession, I shared a table with eight business people from various sectors during a lunch. No one can be at their most morose while having a conversation over a tender steak and a glass of good South African red wine, but my lunch partners couldn’t help but feel worried about the impact that the announcement by Stats SA would have on their businesses. Nevertheless, after arguing about the practicality of moving their families and businesses to Australia, the…

The 2018 GreenCape Market Intelligence Report on sustainable agriculture in South Africa notes that information and communications technology (ICT) has an important role to play in helping smallholder farmers overcome known challenges. These include lack of access to markets, market information, credit, and cost-effective insurance. It seems an obvious medium given that about 80% of South Africans use mobile phones, although only 11 million own smartphones. According to the report, the number of global mobile apps for agriculture grew from 300 000 to 1,5 million between 2010 and 2015. More than 185 000 farmers in Kenya and Rwanda have bought insurance through their mobile phones or accepted loan offers for seed purchases. What is less researched, however, is the potentially catalytic social outcomes of mobilising smallholders around the use of…

LAND-GRABBERS MOVE ONTO UNOCCUPIED LAND WHEN POLICE NUMBERS ARE LOW People invading land have become more organised, according to the member of the mayoral committee for public safety in the City of Johannesburg‚ Michael Sun. He recently said that these “land-grabbers” were now moving onto unoccupied land during times when they knew police personnel numbers were at low levels, such as over weekends and at night. Furthermore, Sun said, an increased trend in the number of land invasions across the city had been observed. To my mind, this is no longer ‘ordinary land invasion’ by people desperately in need of land to build houses; there are other forces at play. Protests and land invasions have also escalated sharply in Cape Town‚ which is diverting law enforcement officers‚ metro police and…

Sappi will be further developing its biorefinery capacity with the construction of a demonstration plant to scale up the company’s xylex technology for the production of xylitol and furfural. The plant would be located adjacent to the existing sugar and lignin extraction plant at Ngodwana Mill, outside Mbombela in Mpumalanga, and was expected to be operational next year. Pending successful results and further approvals, it was anticipated that Sappi could construct commercial xylitol and furfural plants adjacent to their mills in the US and South Africa. Executive vice-president of Sappi Biotech, Louis Kruyshaar, said Sappi’s biorefinery plans were focused on building a sustainable, profitable business from the manufacture and sale of food ingredients, materials and chemical intermediates derived from the C5 sugars produced as co-products of the company’s dissolving wood…

Despite the negative impact of the listeriosis and avian influenza outbreaks during the financial year running from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2018, the chicken division of RCL Foods was able to show strong recovery to help bolster the food manufacturer’s annual financial results. Commenting on the results, RCL Foods’ CEO, Miles Dally, said the dumping of cheap imported chicken and sugar on the local market during this period had also threatened to dampen his group’s financial results. According to a statement by RCL Foods, the group had to restructure its chicken business, reducing weekly production from 4,8 million to 3,4 million birds. This had, however, removed a substantial proportion of low-margin commodity chicken from the group’s production system. “The chicken business recovery was the main reason that EBITDA…

The winner of the Agri Northern Cape Young Farmer of the Year competition, Van Zyl Naudé, is a livestock farmer from the Richmond district where he farms Merino sheep and commercial Drakensberger cattle. Naudé said participating in the competition held numerous rewards for him, including being able to gauge what he was doing right in his farming enterprise, and establishing where there was room for improvement. The runner-up was Danie Fourie, an irrigation farmer who farms along the Orange River near Douglas. Agri Northern Cape also introduced two new categories for the awards, with Fourie being chosen as the Top Young Irrigation Farmer and Naudé taking the Top Young Livestock Farmer title. Naudé will represent the Northern Cape at the Toyota SA Young Farmer of the Year national final to…

Farmers need to focus on what they do best and not allow current political issues to get them down. This was one of the main messages during the Dried Technical Services and Canning Fruit Producers’ Association’s technical information day held in Robertson recently. Agri SA’s deputy executive director, Christo van der Rheede, spoke about the intense pressure under which President Cyril Ramaphosa would have to operate to maintain his leadership during the upcoming national election, and how this was affecting decision-making in the country. He said that any fundamental economic solution to South Africa’s problems would also have to address political issues to be viable; the two issues could not be dealt with separately. Dawie Maree, head of agriculture information and marketing at FNB, told farmers he did not think…

Dam levels in the Western Cape’s winter rainfall region are steadily increasing, according to a report by the Department of Water and Sanitation. The report indicated that on 3 September the average dam levels in the region were at 65,9% of capacity compared with the preceding week, when they stood at 62%. Speaking to Farmer’s Weekly, Johan van den Berg, manager of specialised crop insurance at Santam Agriculture, said more rain was expected for the Western Cape up to the middle October. The volume of rainfall was, however, expected to decrease and the likelihood of dam levels increasing substantially was waning. These dams also supplied water to towns in the Overberg, Boland, West Coast, and Swartland regions, and included the Berg River Dam (at 96,7% of capacity), the Lower Steenbras…

Young farmers are encouraged to find all the necessary assistance and mentorship from individuals and organisations that understand agribusiness to ensure that they succeed in farming enterprises. This was the central theme during the third annual African Farmers’ Association of South Africa (AFASA) Young Farmer Summit held in Johannesburg recently. Some of the resources that young farmers could make use of were enterprise development programmes, according to Mzingaye Kahla, the regional manager of non-profit enterprise development at the organisation Black Umbrellas, who took part in the panel discussion. He said finding resources on one’s own and succeeding was possible, but receiving the right backing could accelerate a young farmer’s success. Enterprise development programmes had extensive networks and offered mentorship. “I think it’s extremely encouraging to find people who understand the…

PLACE SHEEP’S WOOL ON THE TRIP PLATE ON THE FLOOR TO ATTRACT THE PREDATOR’S EYE I’ve found that if a caracal has killed a lamb and partly covered the carcass with grass, it will almost certainly return to the ‘scene of the crime’. You can use this knowledge to set a trap for the predator. Remember, too, that a caracal hardly ever covers its droppings. So if you find a spot on your farm with many droppings containing bone fragments and hair or wool, this is also a good spot to leave a cage. The structure should be about 160cm long, 65cm wide and 65cm high. The trigger plate in the middle must be wide to ensure it’s easily triggered. The cage must have two entrances, as a cat likes…

In 1969, a breeding project was initiated at the Carnarvon Experimental Station to develop a mutton breed for extensive conditions that could also produce a quality wool clip free of kemp and any coloured fibres. By 1976 it was decided that the best genetic combination to achieve these goals was a sheep consisting of Merino (25%), Ronderib Afrikaner (25%) and SA Mutton Merino (50%). On 5 February 1980, the Afrino Sheep Breeders’ Society was established and breed standards were formulated.…

To understand why a specific animal is a curve bender, we need to think about the relationships between the different Breedplan traits. These are not inherited in isolation. In some cases, the relationship between traits is favourable: selecting for one trait will drive the second trait in a desirable direction. Favourable relationships between traits include: • 200- and 400-day weights Generally, as the former increases, the latter also increases. • Rib fat depth and rump fat depth Generally, as rib fat increases, so does rump fat. • Scrotal size and days to calving These traits are negatively, but favourably, correlated. In other words, as scrotal size increases, the number of days to calving decreases. In contrast, some traits are antagonistic: selecting for one causes the other to move in an unfavourable direction. Here…

At the recent Produce Marketing Association Fresh Connections Conference in Pretoria, I was introduced to a new and interesting term: mobile retail units (MRU). The speaker used it to describe hawkers and informal traders. I like the phrase because it implies movement, adaptation and sales. ENORMOUS PURCHASING POWER Anybody who thinks that MRU is no more than a convenient, politically correct term for a small group with a simple trading model should think again. MRUs play a huge role as buyers on our markets. The percentage varies significantly from market to market, but MRUs as a whole account for no less than 45% of market sales countrywide. In real numbers, this means that MRUs are a major force that buys and distributes approximately 1,5 million tons of produce valued at…

A wine’s mouthfeel (its texture, weight and viscosity) is not mentioned enough when pairing with food. Yet it is a crucial factor that often ties the experience together, particularly when the dish has plenty of citrus in it. There are many ways to create texture in a wine, the most notable being the use of wood. French oak is the popular choice. But perhaps the most crucial element used in white wines is lees, the yeast residue in the wine after fermentation has been completed and has become inactive. When left in the wine, it adds a yeasty note and mellows the acidity, resulting in a softer texture. This is why the Bellevue Chardonnay paired so well with the featured dish. The wine is very dry, with crisp Granny Smith…

In his well-known 1958 book, Folk Medicine, the late Dr Clinton Jarvis had advice for people suffering from chronic fatigue. If your urine in the morning shows an acidic reaction, he suggests a hand-bath of apple cider vinegar. Add one teaspoon of quality apple cider vinegar to half a glass of warm water, then pour one teaspoon of the mixture into your cupped hand and apply it all over your body, rubbing it in completely. A rather drastic change recommended by Jarvis is to stop using soap, which is alkaline in reaction. This, he says, contributes to chronic fatigue. He adds, however, that a very pale skin particularly craves acid. So, in this case, a little soap can be used, followed by the water and apple cider vinegar mixture. Skin…

Karan Beef has developed Beef Easy, a recipe app that offers a constantly growing selection of mouth-watering beef recipes prepared by professional chefs and available for download for Android and Apple users. The app has had more than 10 000 downloads on Google Play, where it has a rating of 4,4 out of 5. Its rating on iTunes is 4+. If you do not have a smartphone, or prefer to use a computer, you can visit beefeasy.com to obtain the recipes. Many categories and options are available. OCCASIONS This extensive menu includes Greek, Italian, Mexican, ‘Weekday braai’, ‘Impress the guests’ and ‘Quick and easy’ recipes. An example of the last is apple and seared beef carpaccio salad, which takes only 15 minutes to prepare. The recipes are detailed and include…

With data on agricultural production being both dated and skewed towards higher-end commercial agriculture, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) and Statistics South Africa have launched a campaign to gather more information about smallholder farmers in the country. During a media conference at Elsenburg in the Western Cape, the Minister of DAFF, Senzeni Zokwana, urged all smallholder farmers to participate in a “farmer producer/register campaign”. Zokwana said that regularly updating baseline statistics would help government to better measure the progress of land reform, plan new intervention strategies, and address weaknesses while preventing interventions being duplicated. “Farmers who have received land need to be accounted for. Records should be kept of who they are, where they are located, the size of their land and what they are doing there,…

Modern-day livestock farmers continue to benefit from the actions of animal herders who thousands of years ago added to the ecological richness and diversity of the African savanna. The ancient herders’ practice of keeping their cattle, goats and sheep in kraals at night created nutrient-rich grassy glades, called hotspots, that still attract wildlife and have increased habitat diversity on the savanna. Stanley Ambrose, a professor in anthropology at the University of Illinois in the US, who is leading research into the phenomenon, said that the herding hotspots appeared today as dense, grassy areas several hectares in diameter. “When Stone Age herders came to Eastern Africa 3 500 years ago, they changed vegetation patterns for the better, rather than degrading the savanna, as is often believed. Their abandoned settlements increased savanna…

Agricultural role players and farmers must aggressively debate issues affecting the sector and the country to ensure that “the voice of the reasonable man is heard”. This was the message of the late Agri Northern Cape (Agri NC) president, Henk van Wyk, who wrote the address shortly before he passed away in August. It was delivered on his behalf during Agri NC’s congress held in Kimberley. Drastic action was needed to get the country back on track, and “not populist rhetoric, which is a highway to anarchy and economic ruin”, the address stated. Nicol Jansen, who was elected president, said feedback from members would form the basis from which he would manage the organisation.…

ROOILOF IS USED IN SALADS OR AS A GARNISH Witlof, also known as Belgian endive or chicory, is a notoriously difficult vegetable to grow, but Koue Bokkeveld grower Fanie van der Merwe has mastered the art on his farm Bronaar. He recently also pioneered the production of witlof’s red counterpart, rooilof. Farmer’s Weekly previously reported that Van der Merwe began cultivating witlof in the Koue Bokkeveld near Ceres in the Western Cape four years ago. His main focus on the farm had been apples, pears, potatoes and onions, and witlof was initially brought in to diversify his business. Since then, the witlof operation had grown steadily and now also included the production of rooilof. The technique for growing witlof was accidentally discovered in the 1850s by an employee at the…

The level of herd immunity to Rift Valley fever (RVF) in the Free State and Northern Cape has remained relatively unchanged. This was according to a serological survey conducted in these regions to test for RVF antibodies in livestock during 2017, in a sample of more than 2 700 cattle, sheep and goats. The test results showed a widespread presence of antibodies, with the prevalence in cattle at 31%, 20% in sheep, and 5% in goats. This suggested that a majority of livestock in the area were susceptible to future outbreaks of the disease, according to the survey results presented by Melinda Rostal, senior research scientist at EcoHealth Alliance, during a recent meeting of RVF project partners in Pretoria. These figures were similar to those that emerged in the previous…

INTEREST RATES ARE LIKELY TO CLIMB, AND WEAK RETAIL SALES WILL PUT PRESSURE ON FOOD PRICES According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the global economy is expected to grow 3,9% in 2018 and 2019. But this upswing is already two years old and has, in fact, peaked in many countries. The IMF also believes that the downside risks to growth are increasing. According to the fund, the difference in growth between the US economy and the economies of other developed countries has widened, and growth projections have been revised downwards for the euro area, Japan and the UK. Growth prospects in developing countries are becoming more uneven with rising oil prices, escalating trade tensions and pressure on their currencies as the US dollar increases in value. The economic recovery…

SECURE THE RAMS IN A FENCED-OFF AREA TO ENSURE THEY CAN’T COVER THE EWES From the development projects I’ve been involved with and the research I’ve undertaken in communal farming regions throughout the Eastern Cape, it has become clear that many sheep and goat farmers suffer substantial losses due to high mortality rates in young sheep and goats. This is often because they are born in mid-winter, when grazing is in short supply and the temperature drops to levels too low for newborn lambs to survive in. Put another way, livestock farming is about timing and planning. Get this wrong and your flock will suffer. It is also crucial to budget for future costs for medicines and supplemental feed for newborn lambs in the days just before and after lambing.…

World and SA National Dorper Champions World and SA National Dorper Champions (continued) Contacts: Mickey Phillips 082 498 2884 | Hendri van Wyk 082 978 2213. Contacts: JC van den Berg 082 941 6876 | Leroy Phillips 082 414 1616…

CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS & EXPOS 20 TO 21 SEPTEMBER AGRI 5 Commodities Workshop and Expo, East London Showgrounds. For more information, email info@atoneworks.co.za . 25 TO 27 SEPTEMBER 56th Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa, Somerset West. For more information, visit centeqevents.wixsite.com/aeasa2018 . 9 TO 10 OCTOBER Agri SA Annual Congress 2018, Menlyn, Pretoria. For more information, email Thea Liebenberg at thea@agrisa.co.za . 9 TO 12 OCTOBER Second African Congress on Conservation Agriculture, Johannesburg. For more information, visit africacacongress.org . 15 TO 17 OCTOBER Second International Conference for Food Safety and Security, Pretoria. For more information, visit fsas2018.co.za . COURSES & TRAINING 25 TO 27 SEPTEMBER Foundations for Farming Three-Day Basic Conservation…

ZIMBABWE’S STATE LOAN SCHEMES HAVE NOT INCREASED THE PRODUCTION OF WHEAT The last time Zimbabwe was nearly self-sufficient with regard to wheat production was in 2001, with a harvest of about 325 000t. After nearly two decades, production declined to a mere 20 000t as a consequence of poor policy decisions. Last year, the Zimbabwean government embarked on an ambitious investment plan to revive wheat production. This was a plausible initiative and came on the back of an increase in bread and other wheaten product consumption. This plan entailed production loan schemes for acquiring inputs such as seeds, fertiliser, agrochemicals and irrigation facilities. Disappointingly, there have not been any positive results thus far. In fact, there has been literally no change in the area planted to wheat and the subsequent…

British Prime Minister Theresa May made it clear during a recent trip to South Africa that the UK’s exit from the EU in 2019 would not affect trade relations between the UK and Africa. May said during a South Africa-UK business forum, held in Cape Town, that her country planned to continue with the EU’s Economic Partnership Agreement and become the primary investor in Africa for the Group of Seven (G7), an informal bloc of trading partners comprising Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US. “Britain’s private sector [will be] taking the lead in investing billions that will see African economies growing by trillions,” said May. She announced a £4 billion [about R76 billion] investment programme in African economies, which she said would “help pave the way…

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation is still in a neutral phase, but is expected to increase to an El Niño phase during the southern hemisphere spring period. This was according to Cobus Olivier, a scientist in prediction research at the South African Weather Service. He said the likelihood of an El Niño event occurring was increasing as South Africa moved towards spring. ABOVE-NORMAL SPRING RAINFALL EXPECTED FOR KWAZULU-NATAL “At this stage, the impact of the expected El Niño [weather event] is unclear. However, early indications are that it will at least influence the late spring [October, November and December] period,” he said in a statement. Above-normal rainfall conditions were expected over parts of KwaZulu-Natal during spring, but below-normal rainfall was expected across most of the summer rainfall areas during the late…

Agricultural advisory and food safety inspection services company, Impumelelo Agribusiness Solutions, is ready to begin inspections of regulated processed food products. The minister of agriculture, Senzeni Zokwana, tasked Impumelelo with these inspections in terms of the Agricultural Products Standards Act No. 119 of 1990. The products include fruit juice, frozen fruit and vegetables, jam, rooibos tea, honey, table olives, and canned processed products. These inspections would apply to both locally manufactured and imported goods. Impumelelo’s CEO, Dr Mduduzi Ngcobo, told Farmer’s Weekly that “inspection services come with operational and financial implications for the industries. “Operationally, if there was no planning between Impumelelo and the industries concerned, inspections would cause disruptions in the flow of the products through the supply chain, and delays in the logistical chain could have some financial…

ZIMBABWE A total of 575 local and foreign exhibitors participated in the recent Harare Agricultural Show, Zimbabwe’s largest farming exhibition. Zimbabwe Agricultural Society CEO, Anxious Masuka, said the exhibition had attracted 14% more exhibitors than last year and it was expected that up to 180 000 visitors would attend during the five days of the show. – Thulani Mpofu UNITED KINGDOM The UK dairy sector has won a lucrative export boost as China has agreed to import UK dairy products produced from milk obtained from a third country. International Trade Secretary Liam Fox said the deal was estimated to be worth £240 million (R4,38 billion) over five years. With demand for most dairy categories growing by more than 20% a year, it was one of China’s fastest-growing areas of food…

In his address to the Agri Northern Cape congress, the MEC for Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development in the province, Norman Shushu, reiterated assurances with regard to the current land expropriation without compensation debate. Shushu’s message to farmers at the congress was that the ANC was not proposing a mindless or reckless programme of land reform, and that no land grabs would be tolerated. Property rights remained a key priority in agrarian development, he said. ‘NO RECKLESS PROGRAMME OF LAND REFORM’ In an interview with Farmer’s Weekly, Shushu said despite the Northern Cape being a dry province, it had the largest area of irrigated land in the country in terms of infrastructure, such as the Vaalharts and Lower Orange River irrigation schemes, which consisted of more than 120 000ha…

Farming communities in the Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and the Southern Cape region in the Western Cape are barely surviving the financial, economic and emotional impact of the continuing drought. This was according to Hester Obermeyer, who farms with her husband Willem Obermeyer, on the farm Hebron near Sutherland in the Northern Cape. “The effects of the drought can be seen in the people’s eyes [that are filled with] sorrow, anxiety and dread. I have seen men and women grow old during the past four years,” she said. Gift of the Givers, Boere in Nood and Save the Sheep had meanwhile joined forces to offer support to the affected areas. Gift of the Givers’ Dr Imtiaz Sooliman said that the three organisations had embarked on a joint operation. “[Nonetheless], this…

Before starting a farming business, prospective young farmers must have the correct strategy in place and having a good business plan that shows the sustainability and viability of the enterprise could assist in this regard. This was according to Bankies Malan, operations manager at AFGRI Harvest Time Investments, a company which aims to “unlock the potential of farmers and their farms through training, development and mentorship”. He was speaking at the African Farmers’ Association of South Africa (AFASA) Youth Summit in Johannesburg recently. Malan said that critical success factors during the start-up phase of a farming enterprise included properly understanding what was required, and undertaking research into the specific type of farming business. “During the start-up phase of your business, you need to have a long-term strategy of how you’re…

THIS IS A TIME-HONOURED AND INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED PRINCIPLE I recently discussed expropriation without compensation in this column, which, from news reports, could include a farmer’s movable property on the land as well. I will now discuss the legal concept of nulla poena sine lege (‘no penalty without a law’) and how this pertains to the expropriation issue. If we look at the concept of punishment legally meted out by the state, we see that it can range from serving time in prison to paying a fine. Sometimes, especially in traffic-type offences, a person might pay an ‘admission of guilt’ fine, meaning that he or she does not have to appear in court. This lessens the burden on our legal system, because, for punishment to be meted out, a hearing is…

DESPITE LOWER FEED COSTS, PRODUCTION COSTS STILL REMAIN HIGH Milk production in South Africa increased 4% year-on-year (y/y) in 2017. The summer grains production region received good rain in the 2016/2017 season, leading to a surplus of soya bean and maize. A large supply of feed resulted in lower feed prices, resulting in positive milk:feed price ratios. Lower feed prices also encouraged increased milk production from June 2017. This, combined with limited consumer demand (see Graph 1), led to lower prices from May 2018. Moreover, milk production during April 2018 was 6% higher than for the corresponding period in 2017. However, the number of dairy farmers continues to decline at an average rate of 400 farmers a year. South Africa currently has only about 1 300 producers. Despite this, production…

This recipe comes from an Israeli friend via her Egyptian grandparents. 1 The lemons take 21 days to reach completion, so let’s begin there. Sterilise a pickling jar and its lid. Scrub the lemons with a brush before topping and tailing. Cut them into quarters, but leave the last part of each quarter attached to the whole. Sprinkle a teaspoon of coarse salt over the inside of each lemon and add an additional teaspoon of salt to the pickle bottle. Squash the open side of a lemon into the jar. Add another teaspoon of salt, then the second lemon, another teaspoon of salt and then the third. Squash them down into the jar to make room. Pour in the juice of the fourth lemon, then top up the jar with…

THE RHINO REVOLUTION by Clive & Anton Walker (Jacana, R350) To save the rhino, we should be tackling corruption within the legal system, developing constructive community engagement, and implementing more cost-effective protection, urge the authors. They remind the reader of conservationists’ pride at saving the black rhino in Zululand, only to see the last decade’s sudden, global escalation of the ‘rhino war’. The Walkers marshall personal observations, scientific papers and contributions from conservationists in the field to argue for legalising the rhino horn trade, a leap into the unknown that is still strongly debated. VUSI by Vusi Thembekwayo (Tafelberg, R230) Most of South Africa now knows Thembekwayo as a venture capitalist and entrepreneur in local TV’s Dragons’ Den. Brought up in Wattville, Benoni, the motivational speaker…

The Bonsmara is slowly, but surely, gaining a foothold in Africa, becoming the beef cattle of choice in several of South Africa’s neighbouring countries. In the process, the breed is contributing towards more sustainable farming and improved food security. Over the past few decades, several red bulls from South Africa have been introduced on communal land in Namibia, Zambia, Botswana, Mozambique, Angola and Zimbabwe, and even further north. The progeny, produced in pure and crossbreeding programmes, has proved outstanding, so much so that demand for the bulls has grown exponentially. This places a responsibility on South African breeders to ensure that animals sent to other African countries are adapted to local conditions and of the right type, and represent superior breeding material. GOOD TEMPERAMENT The Bonsmara was bred from the…

You should be hesitant to buy any used vehicle that falls into one or more of the following categories: • Cars or bakkies that are expensive to buy new These are expensive to maintain, and even more expensive to maintain when older. So if you can afford a top-of-the-range model only when it’s past its prime, you will struggle to afford the upkeep. • Turbocharged bakkies and vehicles with dual-mass clutches These are seldom worth the risk. Both these devices suffer damage if the driver lugs the engine (accelerates from a low vehicle speed in a high gear at a large throttle opening). This is a common practice and the damage is cumulative; the bakkie could be fine today and the turbo or clutch could fail the next. • Brand names that are…